1. Rewrite the following statements using correct of the options and explain the completed statements. (gluconic acid, coagulation, amino acid, acetic acid, clostridium, lactobacilli)
a. Process of — — — — of milk proteins occurs due to lactic acid.
b. Harmful bacteria in like — — — in the intestine are destroyed due to probiotics.
c. Chemically, vinegar is — — –.
d. Salts which can be used as supplement of calcium and iron are obtained from ——– acid.
a. Coagulation of milk proteins occurs due to lactic acid produced by lactobacilli.
b. Harmful bacteria like Clostridium in the intestine are destroyed due to probiotics.
c. Chemically, vinegar is acetic acid.
d. Salts which can be used as supplement of calcium and iron are obtained from gluconic acid.
Explanation:
- “Coagulation” refers to the process of solidifying a liquid, in this case, milk proteins. The coagulation of milk proteins is caused by the presence of lactic acid, which is produced by lactobacilli during fermentation.
- “Clostridium” is a type of harmful bacteria that can be found in the intestine. Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that can help to destroy harmful bacteria like Clostridium.
- “Acetic acid” is the main component of vinegar, which gives it its sour taste.
- “Gluconic acid” is an organic acid that can be used as a supplement of calcium and iron. Salts that can be used as supplements of these minerals can be obtained by combining gluconic acid with the minerals.
2. Match the pairs
‘A’ group ‘B’ group
a. Xylitol 1. Pigment
b. Citric acid 2. To impart sweetness
c. Lycopene 3. Microbial restrictor
d. Nycin 4. Protein binding emulsifier
5. To impart acidity
Answer:-
a. Xylitol 2. To impart sweetness
b. Citric acid 5. To impart acidity
c. Lycopene 1. Pigment
d. Nycin 3. Microbial restrictor
3. Answer the following.
a. Which fuels can be obtained by microbial processes? Why is it necessary to increase the use of such fuels?
Answer:- uels that can be obtained by microbial processes include bioethanol, biobutanol, and biodiesel. These fuels are produced by fermenting sugars or lipids with microorganisms such as yeasts or bacteria.
It is necessary to increase the use of such fuels because they are renewable and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. They are derived from plant materials, which can be grown and replenished relatively quickly, whereas fossil fuels take millions of years to form and are finite resources. Additionally, the use of microbial fuels can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on fossil fuels. They also have a lower environmental impact than traditional fossil fuels in terms of air pollution and land use.
b. How can the oil spills of rivers and oceans be cleaned?
Answer:- Oil spills in rivers and oceans can be cleaned using several methods, including the following:
- Skimming: A device called a skimmer is used to collect the oil floating on the water’s surface.
- Sorbents: Materials such as straw, hair, and certain types of clay can be used to absorb the oil.
- Bioremediation: Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi can be used to break down the oil into smaller, less harmful compounds.
- Chemical dispersants: These chemicals are sprayed onto the oil to break it up into small droplets, making it easier to remove.
- Booms: Floating barriers made of materials such as rubber or wood can be used to contain the oil and prevent it from spreading.
- Manual cleaning: Workers can manually remove the oil from shorelines, beaches, and other areas.
The method used to clean an oil spill will depend on the specific circumstances of the spill and the location of the spill. It is important to act quickly to minimize the environmental impact of the spill.
c. How can the soil polluted by acid rain be made fertile again?
Answer:- i. Sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid that is formed when sulfur dioxide and other pollutants are released into the atmosphere and combine with water vapor to form acid rain. When acid rain falls to the ground, it can erode metal surfaces, such as those found on statues, bridges, and buildings. This can cause damage to the structures and make them weaker over time.
ii. Some species of bacteria, such as Acidophillium spp. and Acidobacillus ferroxidens, are able to use sulphuric acid as a source of energy. These bacteria can help to control the soil pollution caused by acid rain by breaking down the acid and neutralizing it. This process is known as acidophilic bioremediation and it can help to reduce the acidity of the soil, making it more suitable for plant growth. Additionally, these bacteria can help to remove the heavy metals present in soil that are also released by acid rain, promoting soil fertility and reducing pollution.
Que:- Explain the importance of biopesticides in organic farming.
Answer:- i. Some microbe-containing inoculants are produced through the process of fermentation. These inoculants are sprayed on seeds before sowing, and some of the inoculants are released into the plants. This can help to improve plant growth and health by introducing beneficial microorganisms into the soil and promoting nutrient uptake.
ii. In organic farming, a solution containing Azotobacter and artificial nitrogenase is used to provide plants with the necessary nitrogen. These microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use.
iii. Using these solutions can help to prevent soil pollution caused by chemical fertilizers. Organic farming methods rely on natural means of providing nutrients to plants, which reduces the need for chemical fertilizers that can damage the environment.
iv. Pesticides in the soil can also be destroyed with the help of microbes. Some microorganisms have the ability to degrade pesticides and reduce their toxicity, thereby reducing the environmental pollution caused by these chemicals.
v. Biotechnology can be used to directly integrate bacterial and fungal toxins into plants, which can act as natural pesticides. These toxins can destroy pests and pathogens without harming the plants. Similarly, some species of fungi and viruses are also useful as pesticides. Spinosad, a byproduct of fermentation, is a biopesticide that can be used as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides.
Que:- Which are the reasons for increasing the popularity of probiotic products?
Answer:- i. Probiotics are milk products that contain active bacteria such as Lactobacillus. These microorganisms help to maintain the balance of intestinal microorganisms, by increasing the population of beneficial microbes that aid in digestion and decreasing the population of harmful microbes, such as Clostridium.
ii. Probiotics form colonies of beneficial microorganisms in the alimentary canal and control the metabolic activities of other microbes. They also improve resistance to disease and lower the negative effects of harmful substances produced during metabolic activities.
iii. Antibiotics can cause useful microbes to become inactive, but probiotics can reactivate them. Probiotics are now used to treat diarrhea and are also used in the treatment of poultry. They are used in this context to improve gut health and reduce the risk of infections in these animals.
Que:- How the bread and other products produced using baker’s yeast are nutritious?
Answer:- i. Different types of bread are made from flour of cereals. Dough is formed by mixing baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), water, salt, and other necessary ingredients with the flour.
ii. During fermentation, carbohydrates in the dough are broken down by the yeast, converting them into carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethanol.
iii. The CO2 produced by the yeast causes the dough to rise, making the bread spongy.
iv. Compressed yeast is used in the commercial bakery industry, and is available in dry, granular form for home use.
v. Yeast produced for commercial use contains various useful substances such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
vi. Because of this, bread and other yeast-leavened products are more nutritious. The yeast also contributes to the flavor and texture of the bread.
Que:- Which precautions are necessary for proper decomposition of domestic waste?
Answer:- i. In villages, domestic sewage is disposed off either in nearby soil or in biogas plant. However, in cities, sewage needs to be carried to a processing unit and treated by microbial processes to remove pollutants and harmful bacteria.
ii. Segregation of dry and wet waste should be done at the household level.
iii. Dry waste can be disposed of in garbage bins and used in landfill processes.
iv. Wet waste can be used to prepare compost through the action of microbes, which breaks down organic matter into nutrient-rich soil amendme
Que:- Why is it necessary to ban the use of plastic bags?
Answer:_ It is necessary to ban the use of plastic bags because they are not biodegradable, which means they do not break down naturally in the environment. They can take hundreds of years to decompose and release harmful chemicals. Plastic bags also pose a serious threat to marine life and wildlife, as they can be mistaken for food and lead to suffocation or starvation. They also contribute to pollution and litter, which can damage ecosystems and harm the environment. Additionally, plastic bags are not easily recyclable and can clog up landfills and waste management systems.
4. Complete the following conceptual picture
Answer:_
5. Give scientific reasons.
a. Use of mutant strains has been increased in industrial microbiology.
Answer:- Mutant strains are genetically modified microorganisms that have been altered to possess specific characteristics or traits that make them suitable for industrial applications. These modified strains can be used in various industrial processes such as fermentation, bioremediation and production of biofuels. The use of mutant strains allows for more efficient and cost-effective production, making them highly beneficial in industrial microbiology.
b. Enzymes obtained by microbial process are mixed with detergents.
Answer:- This improves the cleaning power of the detergent.
Microbes are able to produce enzymes that can degrade specific types of stains and dirt.
The use of these enzymes in detergents can make them more effective at cleaning clothes and other materials.
This can lead to a reduction in the amount of detergent needed to clean clothes and a decrease in the environmental impact of the detergent.
c. Microbial enzymes are used instead of chemical catalysts in chemical industry
Answer:- because they are more specific, efficient and eco-friendly. They are also able to perform reactions at milder conditions, reducing energy consumption and by-product formation. Additionally, the use of microbial enzymes allows for a more sustainable and cost-effective production process.
6. Complete the following conceptual picture with respect to uses.
Answer:-
7. Complete the following conceptual picture related to environmental management
Answer:-
8. Answer the following.
a. What is role of microbes in compost production?
Answer:- In compost production, microbes play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter such as leaves, grass clippings, and food scraps into nutrient-rich humus. Microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes decompose the organic matter, releasing nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that can be used to fertilize plants. Microbes also help to create the optimal conditions for the composting process by controlling pH levels, temperature, and moisture. They also help to break down toxic compounds present in the organic matter and prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms.
b. What are the benefits of mixing ethanol with petrol and diesel?
Answer:_
- Ethanol is a renewable fuel source, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- It is a cleaner burning fuel, reducing emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and other pollutants.
- It can increase octane rating in gasoline, improving engine performance.
- Mixing ethanol with petrol and diesel can also reduce the overall cost of fuel.
c. Which plants are cultivated to obtain the fuel?
Answer:- Plants that are commonly used to obtain biofuels include corn, sugarcane, soybeans, and algae. Other crops such as switchgrass, poplar, and willow can also be used. The choice of plant depends on factors such as its growth rate, yield, and the ease of processing the plant into fuel.
d. Which fuels are obtained from biomass?
Answer:_ Fuels that can be obtained from biomass include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biojet fuel. These fuels are produced by using plant-based material such as corn, sugarcane, soybeans, palm oil, and wood as feedstock. They are considered renewable and sustainable sources of energy as they reduce dependence on fossil fuels and have a lower environmental impact.
e. How does the bread become spongy?
Answer:_ Different types of bread are made from various types of flour, including wheat, rye, corn, and others. The yeast used for fermentation is usually baker’s yeast, and the process of mixing the ingredients and rising of the dough creates a spongy texture. When yeast is mixed with flour, it ferments the carbohydrates in the flour and produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethanol. The CO2 gas gets trapped in the gluten network of the dough, causing it to expand and rise. This process, known as leavening, results in a light and airy texture in baked goods such as bread. The ethanol produced by yeast evaporates during baking and contributes to the flavor of the final product.